Overview of DC Circuits:

1. Introduction to Electric Circuits:
   

   • Definition of electric current, voltage, power, and energy.

   • Passive sign convention.

2. Basic Circuit Elements:

• Independent and dependent voltage and current sources.

Unit: Lasers

1. Introduction to Lasers:

Definition: A laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.

2. Fundamental Concepts:

A. Spontaneous Emission: When an atom or molecule returns from an excited state to its ground state, it may emit a photon of a specific energy. This emission is random and not directed.

B. Stimulated Emission: In the presence of an incident photon of appropriate energy, an excited atom or molecule can be induced to return to its ground state, emitting a photon with the same phase, direction, and energy as the incident photon.

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